绪论

一 研究对象

　　2001年初春，乡土组一行十人赴位于福建省南部南靖县书洋乡的石桥村进行工作。在此期间，我们测绘和考察了村内大部分土楼，调查了村子的历史与现状，并参观了附近一些地区，对于福建客家土楼的建筑和客家人的生活方式都有了一定认识。

　　本文即以石桥村内最大的土楼──顺裕楼为例，探讨福建客家土楼、主要是圆楼的生活空间及其细部处理与客家人生活方式的相互影响和作用。

二 研究方法与目的

　　作为中国传统民居的典型形式之一，前人关于客家土楼的分析和讨论已经很多。在这里，我并不想重复这些工作或做一文献综述，而是想从一具体实例（顺裕楼）着手，以福建客家人特有的生活方式为切入点，分析这种生活方式和习惯对于其特有建筑形式的影响，以及建筑对于生活方式的反作用。

　　分析的最终目的在于从人的生活这样一个角度来认识客家土楼建筑，并在此基础上为土楼未来的发展提供一些参考。

关键词：圆楼 生活空间 细部处理 客家人 生活方式

第一章 客家土楼的形成原因与分类 　　
一 客家的由来

　　关于客家的源流，目前学术界普遍赞同客家人是西晋以来自中原南迁的部分汉人。

　　在漫长的历史过程中，客家人为求生存多次反复迁徙，所迁之地多在偏僻山区，因而他们的民情习性除保留一些中原儒风，也在一定程度上感染与土著有关的某些习俗；同时，他们在迁徙中形成一些特有的性格特征，最终成为在文化上有别于其他民族和民系的一支。

二 土楼的分类与形成

　　客家土楼分为五凤楼、方楼和圆楼，另有一些其他形式和变体。三种形式有其各自特点又有相似之处，它们的形成与客家文化有着千丝万缕的联系。

三 圆楼的形成

　　目前学术界对于圆楼的产生没有一致结论，但比较多的说法是由方楼演化而来，我也同意这样的看法。

　　汉人带来的传统的合院住宅变成了五凤楼，五凤楼又因客家实际生存需要演变出方楼。而方楼存在角落房间不好用的问题，于是出现可以解决问题的圆楼成为必然。

第二章 圆楼的基本形式与生活空间

一 圆楼的基本形式
　　客家圆楼基本是通廊式。外圈土墙承重，内部木结构，环周形成一圈扇形房间，房间隔断多用土坯砌的填充墙。

　　全楼有二或四个楼梯解决垂直交通，二层以上每层内向有一环形走马廊为水平联系。

　　环楼包围着中间圆形的内院。

二 圆楼的基本生活空间

　　圆楼底层的房间通常用作厨房、餐厅或客厅，二层是谷仓，三层以上住人。

　　可以把垂直方向上的一组三或四个房间称为一个单元，圆楼中的每一户居民拥有一个或者两个这样的单元。

　　圆楼的一层基本上可以满足人们白天的生活需要。这说明建筑是根据人的生活需求而造，同时人也在漫长的岁月中适应着建筑。

　　客家人的通廊式圆楼中每户人家没有独立的院落空间，缺乏私密的活动场所。这却恰恰满足了客家人的生活需要。客家圆楼的产生和发展正是建立在人们相互依赖共存的基础之上，而邻里之间关系也因这样的建筑形式更加亲密和融洽。

顺裕楼是此次测绘的一个重点，它是石桥村内最大的圆楼。

　　顺裕楼建于1927年。实测圆楼外径74米。外环四层，每层72开间，底层墙厚1.6米，四梯均匀分布。内环建成四分之一，两层。全楼开一大门，两个边门。祖堂位于院内。厕所和猪圈在院外成环状，分户使用。

　楼内现有居民二十多户，一百余人。

　下文中我将主要以顺裕楼为例，分析说明圆楼空间及其细部处理与人的生活的相互作用。

第三章 圆楼生活空间及其细部处理与人的生活的相互作用——以顺裕楼为例

　　圆楼的形成和逐步完善与客家人的生活方式、生活习惯息息相关。圆楼的空间因人的生活行为形成，其中许多独特的细部处理是当地客家人在长年实际生活中找到的一种建筑语言。

一 人的物质生活

·居住——客厅，披檐

　一层客厅是客家人白天在楼内最主要的活动场所，设计上有很多独到之处。

　　客厅位于首层，层高明显高于楼上。窗是竖直的木棱窗，很大很高，不密闭，光线和空气都很好。

　　一层房间的门外大都有一个不到1米高的木隔断，有门栓。白天木隔断总是关着，防止鸡鸭进入屋内，十分巧妙。

　　圆楼三、四层走道外都有小披檐，有储物的需要。在栏杆扶手下的推拉门与披檐所形成的小空间里，家家必放的是一只马桶。

　　·饮食——厨房（灶、烟道、龛、柜、洞）、餐厅（菜橱），井、沟

在饮食方面可以说的很多

　　厨房中有灶台。烟由烟道排放到楼外，保证楼内空气不受污染。外立面上一层的排气孔与三、四层的窗相呼应。烟道在灶台旁，是一面宽二十多公分、层层抬高的片墙。烟道斜向上利于烟的排出；一层层的台子上可以放各种东西，十分实用。

灶旁的墙壁上有龛，可供灶神。

龛旁还有嵌在墙上的柜子，放调料等。

　　厨房的隔壁是餐厅，二者之间的隔墙上有一个洞，做木架子，像柜子的样子，两面打通。吃饭时从这里将饭菜递过来，十很方便。

　　餐厅的菜橱也是独有的现象。位置在窗下，木制，与窗浑然一体。实际上是一个柜子，向室外突出，里面是推拉隔扇，外面是木格子，不密闭。用来放没吃完的剩菜，通风不易坏。

现在土楼内有公用井，位置在楼内，不居中。比较特别的是在参观中看到其他有的圆楼每个厨房内都有一口小井，自家使用。

　　下水沟沿楼内房前平台，水沟成环状，并由地下引至楼外，再沿楼外成又一环状而后排走，完全暴露在外。它的存在使人的生活更方便，但也是污染环境的因素之一。未来在对卫生条件提出更高要求时，这势必会成为待解决的一大问题。

·饲养——猪圈、牲畜箱

　　猪圈和厕所安置在楼外，一般是一个比较简易的小棚子。

　　牲畜箱多在一层餐厅窗下，与菜橱成为一组，是实实在在的一个箱子，上面可以坐人或放东西。

　　结婚、生子与丧事，农耕，读书，节庆，也是重要的物质生活，这里不再一一叙述，有些将在下文结合人的精神生活讨论。

二 人的精神生活 ·祭祀

东山祠是目前村内唯一保存完好且仍在使用的祠堂。型制是比较典型的南方一进院落。

　　祠堂已经逐渐失去原有的祭祀功能，成为特定条件下大众娱乐的场所。祠堂建筑的本身不再重要，而它所提供的场地、特别是建筑前的广场是人们生活中所需要的。

·春福与秋福
　　春福与秋福是石桥特有的风俗习惯,目的是在春耕之前祈求和秋收后庆祝丰收。其中许多仪式要在公王庙进行，不过人们需要的只是一个场所而并非特定的这一座建筑。与东山祠相类似，公王庙前的戏台及广场是特定条件下的重要活动场所。

·宗教与崇拜
　　中国人的宗教信仰是世俗化和功利的.客家人的宗教与崇拜完全是为趋吉避凶；他们并不在乎神的名称和应有的讲究。供奉神灵的庙、龛随处可见，村民无论男女老少都很虔诚。

公王——公王庙

　　村北有一处半圆形高台，上有开敞小厅，供奉民主公王，保人平安。东侧有庙，称公王庙，春福、秋福的活动都在此进行。西侧有一戏台，以前是临时搭建，现在砌起一水泥台。也可以看作是人的行为对建筑的影响。

灶君——厨房龛
在圆楼厨房的墙上留有龛，专为供灶君之用。但用者少。

三 其他建筑上的处理

·窗
　　有一楼内用一种窗，剖面为梯形，与柯布西耶的经典窗类似。用在此处，猜测因建筑用于饲养牲畜不开大窗，梯形剖面利于阳光射入。

·大门上水道
　　水道是土楼设计中的又一特点，为防御而造。大门上方房间内靠外墙有三个孔，敌人火攻时即从孔内倒水将火熄灭。从楼外完全看不出来，构思极之精巧。

·门旁小龛
土楼大门旁一般有两个龛，最初作用不可考，有的土楼里在龛内供奉观音或是保生大帝。山西省一些民居也有类似情况，但位置是在门旁侧墙上，可能用于放烛台等物，与石桥不同。

·谷仓门与窗
土楼二层是谷仓，用于储藏。向内外都没有窗，门坎高，粮食等可直接堆入。

四 村内公共活动空间

·土楼入口处
　　土楼入口本来是一个流动性空间，根本目的是进出。但在建造中将开间扩大，使之成为一个可停留的场所；而后又放上条石甚至椅子，入口就成为一个无意识中形成的公共活动空间，成为进出和休闲的人们自然的停留地。

·祖堂
　　祖堂是设计中的公共活动空间，它本来的目的是集会和仪式。但其位置在楼内较深处，决定了它不可能像入口一样成为人们自发的休闲性质的停留场所。只有各种特定的仪式和聚会中才能起到作用。

　　看似简单的土楼中实在有很多精巧之处。特别是一层厨房、餐厅与客厅的设计，是客家人的生活方式造就了如此的建筑。反过来说，固有的土楼的建筑模式也影响了人的生活习惯。

　　可能会有人说土楼建筑缺乏个性、压抑人性，但客家人自己却在这样的大家族共同生活中其乐融融。

第四章 土楼的发展

一 土楼发展的几种模式
　　从现状来看，土楼的发展主要有三个方向。这样的发展是自发性，未经规划和政府行为引导的。

·建旧形式新土楼
　　指新建的圆楼、方楼或是五凤楼。目前所知最晚的土楼是八十年代所建。它们的建造当然与当时的历史背景有关。但人们仍然选择老的形式，说明当时人们对土楼的认同，认为这样的形式仍然适合他们的生活。

·旧土楼改建与扩建
　　 　　对旧土楼的改建和扩建也很普遍，常见的做法一是在楼内建新房。基本是一层，多用作厨房；二是在楼外加建。多为一层，一般用作卫生间，可从土楼内进入。

　　不难看出，人们对于土楼内厨房、厕所这些辅助空间的不满。要适应现代生活，对旧土楼的改建和扩建就成为必然。

·建新楼
　　 　　到八十年代以后，一大批新楼出现在古老的村落。这些新楼多采用一字形布局，体量不大，二或三层，一户居住，有厨房和卫生间。在结构上仍采用土坯和木头等原始材料。

新楼的产生从一定程度上反映出人们对于居住私密性的要求

二 控制和引导土楼发展，以利于人的生活

　　在相当长的一段时间内，客家人必然仍会延续着他们自己的生活方式和习惯，土楼仍然是他们生活中重要的一部分。可以看到圆楼、方楼这些传统的建筑形式仍为客家人广泛接受。

　　因此我认为比较可行的是对土楼加以改造，主要是对卫生条件的改进，即对厨房和厕所的改建。

　　厨房可以利用原有的房间，拆除不需要的灶台，可以在里面使用煤气，外立面仍保持烟道出口的形式。厕所比较难处理，但在楼内居民减少的情况下，可以将一部分原卧室甚至客厅改造成卫生间，从房间直接进入。另外要统一设计上下水，可能的话清除院内外水道。如果能够做到以上几点，相信土楼的环境将得以改观，楼内外加建的部分也可以拆除，还土楼以本来面目。

　　当然，要对土楼进行改造，还需要政府的财力物力支持，以及详实可行的方案。但是经过努力，控制和引导土楼发展，是可以使它利于人的生活的。

结语

　　在石桥，顺裕楼是我们测绘的第一座楼，也是花费时间最长的一座。一天又一天地“泡”在里面，和客家人聊天，看他们的生活。渐渐地，我从看似粗糙的土楼里发现了许多精巧的设计，并为之赞叹。于是确定了这样一个题目，希望能把土楼中原本不为人注意的一面展现出来。回来以后，经过一段时间的沉淀和思考，写就了此文。

　　感谢八个月以来乡土组的三位老师的指导和帮助，也感谢全组兄弟姐妹们，感谢几位师兄师姐们的热心。我相信，在乡土组这几个月的生活学习将使我终生受益。

一 石桥村基本情况与历史发展

　　“南靖县书洋乡西北角的石桥村，目前共有两百八十多户人家。人﹑建筑和自然环境非常协调，是福建土楼聚落形式的典型。

　　“石桥村在岗峦环抱﹑溪水穿流的‘聚宝盆’地形中，分布着长篮﹑暗坑坝﹑溪背洋﹑望前四个自然村。这里居住着已传衍二十四代的张姓客家人。……”①

二 石桥村部分居民对土楼态度的调查及分析

　　在石桥村调研期间，我门对四十位居民对土楼生活的态度进行了小范围的调查。从调查中可以看出：

1． 年长者比年轻者更倾向于圆楼生活；

2． 圆楼优势主要在于邻里关系；

3． 圆楼缺点主要在于卫生条件。

三 主要参考文献

1．《南靖县石桥开基祖张念三郎公派下族谱》

2．《客家研究导论》，罗香林著，上海文艺出版社，1992

3．《福建土楼》，黄汉民著，《汉声65，66》，汉声杂志社（台湾），1994

4．《闽南及闽中土楼初探》，傅晶著，《建筑史论文集11》，清华大学出版社，1999

5．中国永定土楼文化丛书，永定县博物馆编

FOREWORD

1. Investigation Target

The article taking Shunyu Building, the largest earth building in StoneBridge, as its case study, probes into the mutual effects and influence between the Hakka living style and the living space and detail treatment of round Hakka earth buildings in Fujian province.

2. Methods and Purpose of Our Investigation

The ultimate purpose of my analysis is to understand the Hakka earth buildings from the perspective of people’s living, and start from this to offer some reference on the future development of the earth buildings.

Keywords: Round Building Living Space Detail Treatment Hakka Living Style

Chapter One: The Origin and Types of Hakka Earth Building
1. Origin of Hakka Ethnic Group

With regard to the origin of Hakka, it is generally agreed in academic circles that the Hakka ethnic group is Chinese of Han origin that has migrated from the central plains to the south in West Jin Dynasty.

In its long history, Hakka has migrated time and time again mostly to remote mountainous areas in order to survive, therefore, in addition to some Confucian’s imprint seen in people in central plains, they’re also influenced to some extent by the custom of aboriginals. They has formed some distinctive characters during migrations and become a special ethnic group with a unique culture

2 Types and Formation of Earth Buildings

There are three types of Hakka dwellings, namely phoenix house, square house and round house, there are variants of the above houses. These three types of houses have their own respective characteristics yet they also have a lot in common, the forming of these houses are closely linked with Hakka cultures.

3 Formation of Round House

Opinions remain divided about the formation of Hakka round houses, a more dominant view is that the round house has evolved from the square house, and I agree with this idea.

The traditional courtyard of Han that holds several families has become the phoenix house, which then evolved into square house to suit practical needs. Because the rooms in the corners of the square house is not very good to live in, the round house come inevitably into being.

Chapter Two: Basic Forms and Living Space of Round House

1. Basic Forms of Round House
The round house usually has one main entrance The outer ring of the earth wall bears the weight of the building, the round house has a wooden inner structure with a circle of sector rooms along its loop that are separated from other rooms with a filled walls made of earthen bricks

The whole house has two or four stairways for vertical transport and there is an inner circular corridor for horizontal transport at the second floor or above.

The circular houses encompass a huge inner central round courtyard.

2.Basic Living Space in the Round House

Rooms on the ground floor of the round house are usually used as kitchens, dinning rooms or guest halls; rooms on the second floor are for granaries, rooms on the third and above floors are bedrooms

The three or four rooms in a vertical group can be called a unit. Each family in the house owns one or two such units.

The first floor of the round house can basically serve the need of its inhabitants during the daytime, indicating that the architecture was made to suit the needs of its inhabitants, while its inhabitants has got used to the house through years of dwellings.

Because of its "group-oriented" residence, families in the round house don’t have their own private courtyards, they don’t have places in the house for private activities, and this is exactly what the Hakka need. The birth and development of Hakka round buildings are based on the mutual reliance and dependence, this building style fosters close and harmonious ties between neighbors in the house.

3. Introduction to Shunyu Building

Shunyu Building, the largest round house in StoneBridge village is a key item in our investigations.

Built in 1927, the house has 74 meters outer ring, the outer ring has four floors with 72 rooms in each floor, the wall in the ground floor is 1.6 meters thick, and four staircases are evenly distributed along the outer ring. The inner ring was one fourth done with two floors. There is one big entrance in the whole house with two side doors. The ancestral hall is located in the courtyard. Toilets and pigsties owned by individual inhabitants are in a round circle outside the courtyard.

There are over twenty families with over a hundred inhabitants in the house at present.

In the following chapter I’ll take the Shunyu Building as an example to explain the interactions between the spatial room and detail treatment of the round house and the inhabitant’s life there.

Chapter Three: Interactions Between the Living Space and Detail Treatment of the Round House and the Inhabitant’s Life---Shunyu Building Case Study

The coming into existence and gradually improving of Hakka round house is closely linked to the Hakka living styles and habits. Some unique detail treatments of the round house are an architecture language found by the local Hakka in years of practical lives.

1.People’s Material Life

·Dwelling---guest room, eaves

The guest room on the first floor is the most important place for social activities during the daytime. There are lots of originalities in the design of the guest room.

The guest room is on the first floor, and its height is much greater than that in other rooms. Its window is a vertical wooden frame, very big and very high. It is not sealed or closed so it allows good ventilation and light.

There is usually a wooden partition less than one meter in height outside each room on the first floor, the wooden partition is always locked during the day to prevent the chicks or ducks to enter the room, very ingenious in design.

There are small eaves outside the walkways on the third and fourth floors that can serve the need for storage. Every family puts their closestool in the little space formed by the push/draw doors under the railings and the eaves.

·Dieting---kitchen (oven, chimney, niche, cabinet, hole), dinning room (dish cabinet), well, channel.

There are lots to say about the dieting of Hakka.

There is a kitchen range in the kitchen and smokes will be emptied to the outside via a smoke passageway to ensure that the air in the building is not polluted. The vent holes on the outside are in harmony with the windows on the third and fourth floor. The smoke passage, by the side of the oven, is a group of ascending walls over 20 centimeters in width. The slanting arrangement facilitates the emission of smokes, and the walls can be used to put things on.

The wall beside the oven has a niche to make offerings to the kitchen god.

There is also a cabinet imbedded in the wall by the niche to put seasonings.

The dinning hall is next to the kitchen and there is a hole between them, the hole is fitted with wooden frames looks like an open-ended cabinet that serves as a passageway for the delivering of dishes and food from the kitchen to the dinning room.

The dish cabinet in the dinning room is also unique in design. It is located under the window and merged with the window. This wooden cabinet protrudes outdoors, indoors it is a push/draw sash, and outdoors it’s a wooden grid that allows good ventilation, leftover dishes stored in it deteriorates slowly.

The house has a public well that is not located in the central point of the house. We found that in many other round Hakka houses, there are small private wells in each kitchen.

·Livestock Raising---pigsty, livestock box

The pigsties are toilets are located outside the house. They’re usually simply built sheds.

The livestock boxes are often put under the dinning hall window on the first floor, they’re boxes in the real sense, people can sit down on it or put things into it.

Marriage, childbirth, funeral, plowing and festivities are also important material lives, but I will not elaborate on them all here, but I’ll discuss about some of them in conjunction with the discussion of Hakka spiritual lives.

2.People’s Spiritual Life

Dongshan Temple is the only well preserved ancestral temple that is still in use today. Its style is typical southern single entrance courtyard.

The temple has gradually lost its original sacrifice function and become a public entertainment place under certain conditions. The architecture itself is not important, it provides a place, the square before the temple in particular, that is need by the people in their lives.

·Spring and Autumn Blessings
Spring and autumn blessings are special custom in StoneBridge, their purpose is to invoke the god to bless them in their spring plowing and celebrate the autumn harvest. Many rituals are done in the Public King Temple, but what people needed is just a site not a particular building. Similar to Dongshan Temple, the theater stage and the square are important activity centers under special occasions.

·Religion and Worship
The religious beliefs of Chinese are vulgar and utilitarian, while Hakka’s religion and worship is to seek good luck and avoid bad luck, they don’t care much about the names of the gods or the specific rules. Temples and niches for worshipping the gods are everywhere, and villagers, men and women, old and young are very faithful.

Public King---Public King Temple

Kitchen God---Kitchen Niche
There is a niche in any of the kitchen walls of the round house to worship the kitchen god; however people seldom use the niche nowadays.

3. Treatment in Other Architectures

·Window
In a certain building, there is a kind of window with trapezoid section, our guess here is that because it’s common practice not to have big windows for livestock raising, and a trapezoid section plane facilitates the incoming of sunlight.

·Ascending Aqueduct Over the Main Gate
The aqueduct is another special characteristic of the Hakka earth building. It was made exclusively for defense. There are three openings on the outer wall of the room above the main gate, when enemy stages fire attack, the Hakka can pour water from the openings to extinguish the fire. The fire-extinguishing device is invisible from the outside; it is very exquisitely and ingeniously designed.

·Gate Side Niches
There are usually two niches along the sides of the gate of Hakka earth buildings, the original functions of the niches has not been verified, some of the niches are used to worship Kwan-yin Bodhisattva or the birth god. There are similar niches in the civil dwellings in Shanxi province, but their niches are located in the sidewalls by the gate and might be used to hold candleholders or other subjects, different from those in StoneBridge.

·Granary Gate and Window
The second floor of the earth building is granary for storage. There are no windows both in and outside the granary, but due to its high threshold, foodstuff can be put into the granary directly.

4. Public Activity Venues in the Village

The entrance was originally a gate for people to come into and out of the earth building. The entrance was enlarged during construction, therefore it became a place where people can stay, and later, stone strips and chairs were added in the place, and the entrance became unconsciously a public activity center, where incoming and outgoing people and idle people like to stay.

·Ancestral Hall
The ancestral hall was originally designed as the public activity venue; its purpose is to hold meetings and rituals. Because it is located in the deep part of the building, it cannot be a place like the entrance where people stay and meet spontaneously with each other. The hall only functions when there are special rituals or meetings.

In fact, there are lots of ingenious designs in the seemingly simple earth building, especially the designs of kitchens, dinning halls and the guests rooms on the first floor, the building was the result of the living style of Hakka, conversely, the deeply rooted earth building mode also affects the living habits of its inhabitants

Someone may say that the earth building is short of individuality and oppress humanity, but the Hakka are living happily in this big family.

Chapter Four: The Development of Earth Buildings

1. Development Modes of Earth Buildings
At present, there are three development directions of the earth buildings. These developments are spontaneous, unplanned and unguided by the government.

·Build new old style earth buildings

It indicates the newly built round house, square house and Five-Phoenix house. As far as we know, the latest earth building was built in the 1980s; the construction of the earth buildings was related with the historical background at that time. People still chose to build the old style building, indicating their acceptance of the earth buildings, considering the style was still suitable to their livings.

·Rebuilding and Expansion of Old Earth Buildings
It is now a common practice for people to rebuild and expand their old earth buildings; it is popular to build new rooms inside the house, mostly kitchens on the first floor; it is also popular to build expansions outside the house, mostly as toilets on the ground floor which can be entered directly from the inside of the earth building.

It can be easily seen that people can dissatisfied to the present kitchens, toilets and other complementary spaces. In order to suit a modern day life, the rebuilding and expansion to the old earth building is inevitable.

·Construction of New Houses
After 80s, a group of new houses has emerged in this ancient village. The new houses have a straight-line pattern, small in size, with two or three floors as well as kitchens and toilets, suitable for one family only. The new houses still use earthen bricks, woods and other primitive materials in their structure.

The emergence of the new houses indicates to some extent people’s need for privacy.

2.Control and Guide the Development of Earth Buildings to Facilitate People’s Lives

For a long time to come, the Hakka will still continue their living styles and habits, and the earth buildings will continue to be an important part of their lives. It is clearly that the traditional round house and square house are still widely accepted by Hakka.

I therefore propose the rebuilding and modification of earth buildings should start from the improving of their sanitary conditions, that is, to reconstruct their kitchens and toilets.

The restructuring of the kitchen can still make use of the old kitchen room, dismantle the unnecessary oven and replace it with gas cooker, keeping the old smoke passageway intact. The restructuring of the toilet is a hard nut to crack. Some of the bedrooms or guest rooms can be transformed into toilets, that can be accessed directly from the bedrooms, provided that the inhabitants inside the house has decreased in number. The sewage and tap water system needs to be unified and aqueducts both inside and outside the courtyard if possible should be removed. The all the above goals are met, the environment of the earth buildings will improve greatly. The expansions outside the house can also be dismantled to recover the original appearance of the earth buildings.

The reconstructing of the earth buildings needs the financial and material support from the government as well as a detailed practical plan. But with effort, control and guidance, the development of the earth buildings will facilitate people’s lives.

CONCLUDING REMARKS

In StoneBridge, the Shunyu Building is the first earth building we have ever investigated, it is also the one that takes the most of our time. We had spent days and days in the house, chatting with Hakka and seeing how they live their lives. I have gradually discovered many ingenious designs in the seemingly coarse house and cannot hold off my admirations. Finally, I have fixed the subject of this article, hoping to show people the hidden sides of the earth building unnoticed by others. After coming back, I wrote this article after a period of assimilation and consideration.

I feel very grateful to the guidance and help offered by my three teachers in the rural group for the past eight months, I am also grateful to enthusiasm of the brothers and sisters in my group that inspired me. I believe firmly that the living and learning in the past several months in the group will bring me benefits throughout my life.

Appendix

1 General Information About StoneBridge Village and its History

“The StoneBridge village is located in the northwest corner of the Shuyang township Nanjing county, at present, there are about 280 families in the village. The people, architecture, and the natural environment are in utter harmony. It’s typical earth building group in Fujian province.

“The StoneBridge village is surrounded by mountains and hills, with streams running through it, this ‘cornucopia’ landform has Changlan, Ankengba, Xibeiyang and Wangqian four natural villages. Zhang surnamed Hakka has lived there for 24 generations”①

2. Survey and Analysis on the attitude of some inhabitants in the village towards the earth buildings

During our stay in the village, we had conducted a small-scale survey on the attitude of the 40 inhabitants towards the earth buildings. Our survey indicates that:

1． Older people prefer more to live in round house than younger people;

3 Major References

1. ”Pedigree of Gong Pai Clan in StoneBridge in Nanjing County”